Roo tracks

 15 April 2021

I’ve taken to walking the kangaroo tracks of Barrm Birrm.  They cross the human tracks at angles, then disappear. Rather than walking for exercise on the road, I have been turning off and walking for adventure. 

A roo track begins as a definite thing, once I have my eye on in. It has its own logic: yes of course this is the way to get up this slope, I think to myself as I pad my way along. Incised into the grasses, the track runs in a long steady diagonal, the way a roo would move most easily, with that bounding, thumping movement, the tail a counterpoise to the leaning body. Leaning along the slope.

We see them in flight, urgent, doubling back in panic at the edge of the road to flee the vehicle. But when there is no urgency, and no danger, they pick their way more steadily, leaving these long traces through the grasses, easy to follow.

Then the trail seems to evaporate. It gets fainter, and I look around to see if I wandered off the trace. What would a roo do here, I think to myself, at this point of the slope? Or actually, a family of roos, the females out the front, the younger roos following, the male at the back. Ah, here’s the trail, just here, obvious when I find it again.

Or perhaps I don’t find it, and I must make my way now as a clunking human, through the grasses and small shrubs, lilies already up and preparing for warmer times, trying not to crush them in my great big shoes.  Back to a dirt road, gravel and clay, eroding as the rains fall and the running water picks up speed, forming deepening ruts that make driving the adventure humans crave, but the gravel loose and dangerous for a walker heading downhill.

I stay to the side, on the edge where the grasses let me keep my grip, and here is another roo track, heading in here.  I pick it up, happy to be back in the bush, surrounded by green, companion to these cautious animals, even if they aren’t around.  Sometimes they are, for I have been walking so quietly, and slowly, taking time to stop and look around, that without any anticipation or thought, there is a family there, fifteen metres away, figures through the trees. And they see me, looking up all at once to gaze in my direction. We all pause, looking, watchful. Ears twitch. Scratch of a chest. Waiting.

They move off, I move on. I’m happy. I have met the kangaroos, on their country.

Ross Colliver, Riddells Creek Landcare, ross.colliver@bigpond.com

Olive-backed Orioles

For the past weeks we have noticed a wattle-bird sized bird with a black-flecked white belly on the grape vine outside our lounge-room window. It is very flighty and takes off if it detects the slightest movement so it has been difficult to get a good look or take a photo.

However, today I got a good look and it is unmistakably an Olive-backed Oriole (Oriolus sagittatus).
We haven't heard its distinctive 'orry-orry-orriole" call.
I believe this bird is not common in the Macedon Ranges.
Has anyone else seen Orioles in the Macedon Ranges or Riddells Creek?

Here is a photo I took of an Olive-backed Oriole further north where they are more common.
The adults develop a red eye and pinkish bill.

David Francis, Mount Macedon

Oh Deer

Snapped by Gill Best, on the north bank of Sandy Creek, late July 2015.

An Eagle Perfect Day for hanging out the washing!

You might think that hanging out wet laundry to dry is an utterly mundane and boring task to be avoided if at all possible. Actually, it is probably your best chance to see some magnificent eagles navigating their territories as they soar from one thermal to the next.

Two eagles being harassed by an Australian raven. Picture taken by Chris Clarke, near Toolern Vale 2011-04-30. Click here for full resolution picture.

Last Sunday was a very good Autumn drying day, and as usual, I cranked up the Hills Hoist to capture the most sun, which means that I had to look up into the sky to peg things to the line... to see a pair of wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax) flapping along a hundred metres up, coming from the Gap Road area, looking for an elevator to Heaven. They found a small thermal over the Sandy Creek Road that helped them gain  some altitude. They flapped around a bit more and found a better one over the more open ground of the Two Hills Estate that did all the heavy lifting work for them as they took advantage of the warm rising air to soar in circles and figures of eight.

One of the eagles drifted off to the north west towards the Ranges when it reached two or three hundred metres - where I lost it in the sun. The second eagle continued rising overhead in the thermal - entirely without flapping - until it was so high I could barely see it before also drifting off into the sun over the Ranges.

Actually, this is the third or fourth time I have seen eagles this year while hanging out the washing. Good drying days are also good days for our plague of rabbits to come out to bask in the sun, and for heating the ground to form the thermals that make life easy for eagles to hunt them. 

I don't have a good camera for capturing events like this, so I have used some pictures from our sister website, Natureshare, to show what you might see on a good day for drying the washing.

Wedgetails seem to be quite social, as I often I see two eagles together, as I did Sunday, and earlier this year there were three together close enough to the ground that I could hear them having a conversation as they floated over. 

While hanging out the washing, I have also seen eagles being harassed by crows as shown in the Natureshare picture above.

Only about three weeks ago, I saw a large hawk or an eagle being pursued by three crows and a magpie or currawong (identified by white wing marks). The bird being mobbed wasn't large enough to be a wedge-tail, but could well have been a little eagle in the kind of scenario below, photographed by Jason Caruso, near Shepparton, 2013-03-23, where a magpie has just dive-bombed a little eagle (Hieraaetus morphnoides).

Little eagle after being dive-bombed by an Australian raven. Picture by Jason Caruso from Tatura, near Shepparton 2013-03-23.

According to Wikipedia, the magnificent Australian wedge-tailed eagle is amongst the largest eagles on the planet. Although not the heaviest species, wedge-tails hold the record for the longest body lengths (over 1 m - thanks to their unusually long tails) and wingspans (over 2.8 m). They are easily identified in flight by their conspicuous wing marking (shown very well in the top picture) and elongated diamond- or wedge-shaped tail as shown very clearly in the picture below.

An adult wedge-tail in soaring flight. Photo by Chris Lindorff, west of Warracknabeal, 2012-07-27. Click here to look the eagle in the eye and click again.

Given the frequency of group sightings, I would guess that at least one family of wedgetails includes Riddells Creek and surroundings in their territory, so if you do a lot of laundry and keep them in mind, you'll probably see them. If you are lucky, they might even land or nest on your property! Up close they are truly magnificent birds as James Booth shows:

This guy might be lurking to pounce on a rabbit. Picture by James Booth, between Whittlesea and Kinglake, 2013-07-30. Click here for full resolution view and click again.

If  you want to know more about these masters of the sky, Wikipedia and Birds in Backyards give good summaries of their biology. For a really close-up understanding of their life, I found an excellent life history study in Australian Field Ornithology. I'm sure you can find more interesting things about them by exploring Google for Aquila audax.

As you can see, hanging out the laundry can sometimes be a pretty exciting task if you keep your eyes oppen!

More new species named for Riddells Creek, 2013-14

At the time of writing this article, the number of species we've named in Riddells Creek is 1273. Here are some of the new species spotted in the 2013-14 season or named recently. Click on the links below to get to the details of the observation in NatureShare (best viewed in Firefox or Chrome). We live in an amazing place!

Coccinella transversalis (Transverse Ladybird).

Conoderus tabidus - a type of Click Beetle.

Austrolestes leda (Wandering Ringtail) - Male (left) 'guarding' female as she lays eggs on Triglochin procera s.l. (Water Ribbons) at Wybejong Park. This is the 21st dragonfly species record for Riddells Creek and the 11th species recorded at Wybejong.

The next eight species were recorded on Cup Day - holidays can be very useful!

Gasteruption spp. - a type of wasp that lay eggs using its long/amazing ovipositor in the nests of solitary bees and wasps.

Cleridae spp. - a type of Checkered Beetle.

Ocirrhoe unimaculata - a type of True Bug (the insect Order: Hemiptera).

Calliphora augur (Blue-bodied Blowfly, Lesser Brown Blowfly).

Calliphoridae spp. - a type of blow fly or bottle fly.

Conopidae spp. (Thick-headed Fly).

Oxycarenus (Oxycarenus) spp. - a type of Ground Bug.

Syrphidae spp. - a type of Hover Fly. Apparently there is nothing looking like this in the Museum's insect collection.

Phrataria replicataria (Pale Phrataria).

Fletchamia mediolineata - a type of Land Planarian or Flatworm.

Lophyrotoma interrupta (Cattle-poisoning Sawfly) - despite the common name it is a native sawfly.

Talaurinus impressicollis- a type of ground-dwelling weevil.

Sceliphron laetum - a very large mud-dauber wasp (harmless to humans).

Chrysolarentia lucidulata (Lucid Carpet-moth) - sometimes holds its wings together as in the first pic below (from Riddells Creek) but more often seen with wings flat (second pic below by David Francis at Mt Macedon).

Moerarchis australasiella - a beautiful moth of the Tineidae family.

Tenebrionidae spp. (Darkling Beetle).

Phew !!!

Capturing and sharing the soundscape of a Froggy Serenade

Morning light on a froggy paradise after a still, moonless night.

Froggy Serenade CDs

The result of the Froggy Serenade project is the production of what we hope will be the first of a series of ambient soundscapes recording some of the audible highlights of the Riddells Creek Environment. "Duplicated" CDs may be purchased for $10.00 ea on market days from the Riddells Creek Landcare stand at Riddells Creek Farmers Market, or may be ordered for delivery by mail for $12.00 until our initial hand-produced stock runs out. (See below for the history of the project and what else comes in the CD package.)

For mail deliveries, please pay as follows:

EFT (or PAY AT ANY BENDIGO BANK BRANCH): 

   Bank Name: Bendigo Bank BSB number: 633 000 

   Account Name: Riddells Creek Landcare Group 

   Account number: 136551140 

   Message / Reference: [Your Full Name / Postal Address / Froggy] 

CHEQUE/MONEY ORDER: 

   Please make cheque payable to "Riddells Creek Landcare Group"

   Send to: Treasurer, Riddells Creek Landcare, PO Box 292, Riddells Creek. VIC 3431.

Landcare display at the Riddles Creek Bushfire Expo on 17 November 2013 featuring the Froggy Serenade CD.

We will also happily take advance orders to purchase commercially replicated versions of this soundscape. All profits will go towards supporting Riddells Creek Landcare activities - in the first instance to purchase professional sound recording apparatus. Amongst other uses, this will provide the facilities to collect higher quality soundscapes for future productions. 

Ambient Soundscapes

This blog introduces Froggy Serenade, the first of what we hope will become a series of soundscapes capturing on CDs the ambiences of different landscapes around Riddells Creek. This CD captures the night time essence of a healthy aquatic environment my wife and I provided on what was initially an overgrazed horse paddock. It provides a 79 minute continuous recording from around 8:30 pm to nearly 11:00 PM of the chorus of five species of happy frogs. Copies of this CD are available for sale at an introductory price.

There are very few things you can play on your CD player that could be more relaxing and stress relieving than a chorus of singing frogs. Going back to our ancient ancestry as hunter-gatherers, the best environments for us were around the edges of streams and waterholes, where the singing frogs at night told us that the weather was good, the water was clean, and that no large predators were creeping around the edge of the water. With frogs singing in the background, we subconsciously register that life is good and that it is safe to sleep or to give our full attention to tasks we may be working on.

Riddells Creek Landcare is all about protecting what is left of our natural environment and keeping it healthy. Froggy Serenade is the frogs' way of telling us that my wife Ros and I have successfully restored what was a horse paddock without a stick of wood, single shrub, or a drop of standing water into a habitat that all kinds of native animals are happy to call home. Here we tell our personal landcare story of how we restored the property and made the recording that reflects its present health.

History of the Property

Ros and I moved to the country in 1991 to get away from the constant din of traffic noise, neighbors with their arguments and racing their motor bikes up and down the hilly street besides our house, and basically much of the stress and irritating noise of city life. We purchased a 2.4 ha blank canvas in the Two Hills estate off Sandy Creek Road in Riddells Creek, Victoria. What was once a large horse stud was subdivided into mostly 5 acre plots. We bought what seemed to be the best plot in a new release area because it at least offered the potential to do something with water that sometimes flowed through the property from Cutevan Cr and properties up-slope. If the rain is heavy enough, some of the flow down Sandy Creek Rd also diverts into Cutevan Cr and thus our catchment.

The Canvass

The following pictures showed what we started with - a blank canvas. The first picture looks towards the southeast. The second picture looks back towards the northwest. The slight crease running diagonally across the site channeled runoff to Sandy Creek from Cutevan Cr and 40 to 60 ha catchment in the centre of the Two Hills estate. The rest of the property was as barren as shown in these pictures.

Looking to the SE from the front of the property.

Looking towards the NW and Barrm Birrm in the Macedon Ranges from the lower part of the property.

Catching Some Water

When we bought our property, the developers were still making roads in the subdivision, so we had the opportunity to hire the earth movers to build our drive. While they were at it we asked them how much it would cost to dig out a bit of a pond. They advised me not to think small and suggested that a dam along the property line would form a much larger body of water than I had envisaged, and the quoted few thousand dollars extra quoted was much too good to pass up. We ended up with a 3½ metre deep hole shown below in its part constructed shape that formed a 70 m x 40 m expanse of water with a 10 x 14 m island towards the shallow end. The reservoir was planned to leave a gently sloping beach on one side and a 1 metre deep shallow on one side between the island and the mainland.

Before the pond filled, I started building a dam from treated posts and new sleepers. No sooner than I had my gear, it started raining hard enough to fill the lake. This left no time to measure anything so I sunk posts, cut the framework to fit the length of the sleepers and managed to finish a quite serviceable drawbridge in the rain before the icy water rose above my knees. To provide safe nesting sites for waterbirds, the middle planks are individually removable using a pulley and rope system.

In any event, the lake filled a lot quicker than I thought possible. Given quick runoff from the road and at least one good rain, its catchment is large enough that even in the driest years it has always filled to full supply at least once in the year. Once it filled, it has never dried out. Even in the worst summer droughts there has been at least 1 - 1½ m of water in the deepest part of the reservoir.

Part completed earthworks for the dam and reservoir (dam is along the left side of the photo).

To control the clay, when the shallows dried out in one of the summers in '93 or '94, for another few thousand dollars, I laid Geotex felt (spun rock fibre) over around the island and covered that with a layer of gravel. Two to three truckloads of river pebbles plus several trailer loads of free pebbles from a friend renovating his garden were also distributed around the remainder of the shoreline to further control the clay (this was done when we could afford to do things like this, before Ros and I retired).

Vegetating the Land

With help from friends, even before the sale of the property was finalized, we started planting tube stock from the old State Nursery in Macedon (before Jeff Kennett closed it down), and assorted mostly native plants from the Webbers' Wombat Nursery. All up, we spent a couple of years poking things into the ground. In the view below of the upper half of the property you can just see the pin pricks of some of the planting. The pond below, is an old one on the next-door property that catches runoff from Gyro Close (the divide between the drainages is more or less along the property line).

Aerial view of property, Spring 1992. Looking to the west. The house is oriented to the north with the long axis oriented east-west. The lower dam belongs to our neighbour.

After this we more-or-less stopped planting and sat back to watch things grow. Within two years or so the marginal vegetation had grown up enough to be attractive to pond life as well as birds. One pair of maned ducks fledged more than 100 offspring before they were run off the property by geese we added to the mix. The following pictures show how the pond matured.

Pond showing island and drawbridge (~1995).

View 29/10/1999. Note clarity of water compared to old pond next door that is kept muddy by horses.

View 19/10/2011 (downloaded from Nearmap).

Frogs and other fauna find the property

Colonization

Although our pond was new, it was close to the old farm dam next door, and was soon colonized by frogs that can use these types of disturbed habitats. These were the southern call race of the spotted marsh frog — Limnodynastes tasmaniensis, recognized by a call consisting of a single pop repeated every two seconds or so, and the eastern common froglet — Crinia signifera, recognized by its nearly constant cricket-like "crackle crackle crackle...". Both commonly breed in muddy farm dams. As soon as there was some decent vegetation available, the chorus was joined by southern brown tree frogs — Litoria ewingi, recognized by its somewhat more musical "creee cree cree..." calls. By 1998 eastern banjo frogs/pobblebonks — Limnodynastes dumereli, began sounding off from the reed beds in large numbers on warm nights. These are recognizable by their banjo-like bonks. The last, but now most conspicuous member of the chorus, Peron's tree frog (a.k.a. the laughing tree frog or the maniacal cackle frog) — Litoria peroni, joined around 2005. In its year only a single individual was heard, with a gradual increase over the subsequent years when today several individuals may be heard conversing from different parts of the lake.

The colonization of the lake by frogs is not surprising. What is very surprising, however, is the wide range of waterbirds that visit or are resident on and around what is actually a rather small body of water. Those that have bred on the property or bring their hatchlings and young to it are 

• maned ducks — more than a hundred fledged before we introduced geese (a bad decision), 
• black ducks — only a few fledged, but they camp in large numbers, 
• chestnut teals — several years a single pair hatched chicks that didn't survive because of constant harassment by territorial maned ducks,
• purple swamp hens — fledged a few chicks before being driven off by the geese (moral: if you want natives don't introduce geese to your property),
• Australasian grebe — a pair nests most years and usually successfully fledges 2-3 chicks, 
• white-faced heron — a pair nests in a mature tree next door and regularly uses the lake,
• sacred ibis  — reasonably frequent visitors, sometimes with young,
• buff-banded rail — very shy except when I'm mowing (they come out to look for bugs). They may have bred in the neighbourhood because the 2012 sightings were of a parent and a significantly smaller juvenile.

Rarer observations include 

• dusky swamp hen — single male hung around for a few months but no mate arrived so it eventually left,
• Nankeen night heron — extremely shy and rarely sighted,
• little pied cormorant — frequent visitor (weekly? in summer),
• (little) black cormorant — several visits, but not sure of the species,
• yellow-billed spoonbill — seen a few times over the years, but very shy.  

Not all of the species have been photographed, but a trail camera has proven to be excellent for 'capturing' some of the more shy species.  

Some of the shy birds. Going clockwise from top left: white-faced heron, Australasian grebe, Nankeen heron, sacred ibis. The herons and ibis were photographed using a trail camera mounted on the bridge.

Recording the Froggy Serenade

For many years my wife and I have enjoyed the chorusing frogs, but as the house is well insulated, we haven't been able to bring the sound inside until now. For some time the Riddells Creek Landcare committee has been considering the purchase of professional sound recording equipment to capture various animal calls, but the cost would be significant, and we have been seeking grant funds for this. One of the ways we might use this would be to record soundscapes.

However, this year I organized myself to record the chorus for Melbourne Waters' "Healthy Waterways Frog Census". They are happy to receive recordings made on smartphones, so I made a 10 minute recording on my Samsung Galaxy Note 2 smartphone for this purpose. This proved to have a very good microphone, as demonstrated when I transferred the sound file to my PC where I could play it back on a good speaker system. The sound quality proved to be so good both for me and for others I shared the recording with (download and play the recording), that I decided to make a longer recording. 

Recording Froggy Serenade could not have been easier on my Note 2, using the supplied applications:

• Select voice recorder by tapping the voice recorder icon.
• Place recorder on table or chair close to what you want to record.
• Tap the red record button icon.
• Leave the area for the length of time you want to record.
• Come back and tap the stop icon.
     

If you listen for it, some distortion can be heard in the recording. However, this sounds to me more like interference from sound reflected from the hard surface of the chair I used rather than the electronics of the phone.

The phone automatically went into standby mode, and was left to continuing to record for about an hour and 40 minutes, with virtually no impact on the battery. Clearly, the phone has the capacity to record for many hours before discharging the battery. It also takes a long time to fill up the 32 GB storage provided on the phone - which is a truly remarkable multipurpose tool. The next morning I transferred the sound file to my Windows 7 computer using a USB cable and Samsung's Kies software for the phone that gives Windows Explorer access to files held on the phone.  

Sound processing

Prior to this exercise, I had no experience with sound processing - so I asked Google if there were any free tools I could download and use on my desktop. I found a cross-platform tool called Audacity among the top hits. It is downloadable from SourceForge. After downloading an adapter for reading the .m4a sound file format used by Note 2, I opened the ~8 minute file recorded for the Frog Census, as shown below:

Audacity's visualization of the sound spectrograph of the Frog Census recording (after clipping the noisy start and finish as I stumbled through the brush). The complete spectrograph for 8 min and 32 seconds is shown in blue. This can be stretched out as much as required to show the structure of the sound, even to show individual data points in the digital record.

The sound level in the recording can be amplified or normalized to make the recording more audible, and a number of other "effects" such as ramping and filtering can be applied to all or selected parts of the recording. The Audacity tool was also extremely helpful in isolating and identifying various species' calls heard in the chorus of the Serenade.

Identifying the choristers

There are three helpful resources for identifying Australian and Victorian frogs that provide both pictures and recorded calls:

• Melbourne Waters Healthy Waterways Frog Census home page. Scroll down to see the list of species found in the Port Philip catchments. Click on the species name to see descriptive details and click the sound icon to hear the calls they make.
• Frogs of Australia by state and by region. Select the detailed field guide for species you want for their natural history, call recording(s), detailed ID guide and a picture gallery.
• Museum Victoria's Bioinformatics on frogs is useful though difficult to navigate. If you have a frog in hand, to find out what species it is click Identify your own frog and work your way through the illustrated key. To find pictures and recordings of a particular species click Images & Calls, select a common name or genus and species name, and click Submit Search. This takes you to an uninformative Image Report page. Click on the image and this displays one or more thumbnail images on an equally uninformative page. Click on a thumbnail and it will display an enlarged picture with an option to listen to its call.

Of these sources, Frogs of Australia provides the most comprehensive information in the easiest to use format. I used the recordings from these sites to identify the singers in the Froggy Serenade chorus by comparing them with the calls isolated and visualized using the Audacity tool. All of the frog pictures are sourced from Natureshare (partially developed and supported by Riddells Creek Landcare).

photo by Russell Best
Observation 1429

Striped marsh frogs — Limnodynastes tasmaniensis (click to hear the sounds, then click download). The following Audacity snippet highlights 6 clicks marked with red asterisks (presumably three calls from each of two frogs). The call is repeated approximately every two seconds for long sequences. Frogs in the background include pobblebonks — Limnodynastes dumereli, eastern common froglets — Crinia signifera, and the beginning of a call by a Peron's tree frog — Litoria peroni. See Frogs Australia on Limnodynastes tasmaniensis for more information on their biology and additional photos.

 

 
A 15 millisecond snippet including the second click from the sample above is shown to the left. The click is followed by part of another call (probably Crinia signifera).

Photo by Bill Hall
(Observation 8074)

Pobblebonk/Banjo Frog — Limnodynastes dumereli (click to hear the sounds, then click download. The one second long Audacity snippet below shows the wave forms of 11 bonks. Except for a click from L. tasmaniensis and an unknown swish, there is comparatively little background noise from other species in this recording. The banjo babble is typical for the chorus emanating from the reed bed around the top end of the pond. For information on the biology of this species and additional photos, see Frogs Australia on Limnodynastes dumereli.

 

The one tenth of a second snippet at the right is a stretched out view of the third bonk in the sequence above. A click from L. tasmaniensis can be identified between the third and second last bonks.

Photo by Russell Best
(observation 1427)

Southern brown tree frog — Litoria ewingi (click to hear the sounds). L. ewingi's call is a repeated musical chirp repeated many times. This 2.2 second recording has a lot of background, with the most conspicuous being two clicks from Limnodynastes tasmaniensis, and a bonk from a Limnodynastes dumereli. On these recordings there are only a few easily isolated calls from L. ewingi.  But on some nights, so many L. ewingi are calling that they drown out most other frogs in the chorus. The calls recorded and illustrated here are some of the best from the night of the frog census and the froggy serenade recording. Frogs Australia provides more information and photos for Litoria ewingi.

 
 

The 120 ms central chirp in this call resolves into 7 high frequency pulses that give the call a more tonal sound than many of the other calls, as is more or less typical for L. ewingi. 

Photo by Russell Best
(observation 5941)

Peron's tree frog or maniacal cackle frog — Litoria peroni (click to hear the recording). L. peroni has several versions of the same basic call. The 2.4 second long recorded snippet here has the "full" version. Shorter versions may only have one or two pulses, but have the same timbre. The easily recognizable pattern of the full call slowly increases in volume at the start and the last two or three pulses "widen" or are spaced out as if the caller is tiring. More photos and information on Litoria peroni can be found on the Frogs Australia site.Riddells Creek is on the edge of the species' range and the population here may not be typical for the species as a whole. Neither the Healthy Waterways Frog Census or Museum Victoria's Bioinformatics pages have no records of Litoria peroni from the Macedon Ranges.

 

The 90 ms snippet shows "vibrato" in the waveform of the 6th to last pulse in the call. 

Photo by James Booth
(observation 8199)

Eastern Common Froglet — Crinia signifera (click to hear the recording). Crinia signifera's call is a continuously repeated cricket-like crackle crackle crackle...., as shown in the 5 second recording. Where these frogs are common, the crackle sound can make a constant din that overlays sounds from all of the other frogs in the vicinity. More photos and details of Crinia signifera's biology can be found on the Frogs Australia site.

The 80 ms snippet to the left shows details of one of the crackles in the sequence above. Many have the same 5 part structure a medium pulse, long space followed by two louder pulses then two more diminishing ones with the spaces between one pulse and the next diminishing from one pulse to the next.

What's in the CD package?